1 12 1030 https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/cendoc-chirapaq-storage/original/c29048ac6a9d3aaeecd95347eba18b7e.jpg?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIASCJC3Q3UYKG6YBUL&Expires=1772991000&Signature=7MtF8dO56Mb9%2B7oYC8n9OkVcb54%3D fee4da61e1a87f796bbf7fd7f16d9977 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Folletería Description An account of the resource Folletos varios, encartes, trípticos, dípticos, documentos sueltos... Acceso público. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Chirapaq Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Taller sudamericano de mujeres indígenas : Mujer, tierra y cultura : Ayer, hoy y mañana Description An account of the resource Documento de reflexión y preparación para el taller Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Organización Nacional Indígena de Colombia [ONIC] Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1995 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 9 p. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context DCH_M_8554++ <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1GTTsQrBNRjyQ4MEHov3UqhhcUoYmnQJn/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Descarga</a> Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Bogotá [CO], 10-14 jul. 1995 capacitación Colombia género identidad incidencia política mujer indígena organizaciones indígenas política https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/cendoc-chirapaq-storage/original/0f6caab0ed4bb29cd9fc1134db57c95b.JPG?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIASCJC3Q3UYKG6YBUL&Expires=1772991000&Signature=DR3%2BFbEjnPmhGtgqIfb0tx%2Bd6bY%3D c17fc1e49fe110e2ad8f9f9795960412 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Folletería Description An account of the resource Folletos varios, encartes, trípticos, dípticos, documentos sueltos... Acceso público. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Chirapaq Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource ¡Convención sobre la eliminación de todas las formas de discriminación contra la mujer! Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Cleotilde Vásquez L. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Guatemala [GT] : omisión nacional Permanente Derechos de la Mujer Indígena [CNPDMI] ; Saqb'Ichil-Copmagua Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2001 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 15 p. Type The nature or genre of the resource text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context F_M_3461 capacitación convenios derechos de la mujer Guatemala mujer indígena organizaciones indígenas https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/cendoc-chirapaq-storage/original/d78c1d29539ac4c07f12bc081172205b.jpg?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIASCJC3Q3UYKG6YBUL&Expires=1772991000&Signature=y1orK2mxz1%2F%2FX6CzXmHMbwH35nQ%3D 1a6fb3925e42b2998feec6fe081cd7ef Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Folletería Description An account of the resource Folletos varios, encartes, trípticos, dípticos, documentos sueltos... Acceso público. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Chirapaq Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource ¡El silencio mata! El silencio debe romperse Description An account of the resource C.P.R. y CONAVIGUA en Guatemala Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Guatemala [GT ] : Coordinadora Nacional de Viudas de Guatemala [CONAVIGUA] Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 1992 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 12 p. Type The nature or genre of the resource text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context F_DH_4896 derechos humanos Guatemala mujer indígena museos niñez indígena organizaciones indígenas violencia violencia política https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/cendoc-chirapaq-storage/original/19fb224c80a2a9d9b7b062a9a33d2beb.jpg?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIASCJC3Q3UYKG6YBUL&Expires=1772991000&Signature=8MuqxaH2%2B3v58DIT%2F9d5LMtilGg%3D 9b94b5a04b7d380c75b60003514d6bf5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Hemerografía Description An account of the resource Revistas, boletines, semanarios, periódicos, artículos de periódico... Acceso público. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Chirapaq Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource ¿Con o sin ancestros? / Vigencia de lo ancestral en la Amazonía peruana Description An account of the resource El planteamiento de la "posesión ancestral" rinde cuenta de la generalización y uniformización reciente del vocablo ‘ancestral’ pero deja pendiente el problema de su eventual articulación con las cosmologías indígenas que pretende reflejar. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Thomas Mouriès Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Anthropológica, V. 32, N° 32, 2014 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Lima [PE] : Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú [PUCP] : Departamento Académico de Ciencias Sociales Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pp. 17-40 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context H_A_8843+ <a href="https://doi.org/10.18800/anthropologica.201401.004" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Descarga</a> Amazonia comunidades amazónicas cosmovisión identidad incidencia política lengua y sociedad lingüística organizaciones indígenas Perú política pueblos indígenas región amazónica https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/cendoc-chirapaq-storage/original/152ca53c941ad777bb75dccba0814689.jpg?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIASCJC3Q3UYKG6YBUL&Expires=1772991000&Signature=gd7oICXq9k7yip8XriHTmJcxKD0%3D 3e92597769c02286bed41467313438f3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Folletería Description An account of the resource Folletos varios, encartes, trípticos, dípticos, documentos sueltos... Acceso público. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Chirapaq Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource ¿Cuál es la situación actual de la agenda política de los pueblos indígenas del río Napo? Informe de la agenda indígena de la cuenca del Napo Description An account of the resource Breve recuento de los procesos organizativos de lo pueblos kichwa [napuruna, kichwaruna...] del río Napo, desde 1972, así como de sus principales puntos de agenda política. Ref. : Organización Kichwaruna Wankurina del Alto Napo [ORKIWAN] ; Federación de Comunidades Nativas del Medio Napo, Curaray y Arabela [FECONAMNCUA] ; Federación de Comunidades Nativas del Curaray [FECONCU] ; Programa de Educación Bilingüe Intercultural del Alto Napo [PEBIAN] : Aidesep ; Comisión de Acción Social [CEAS] Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Roberto Carrasco Rojas, OMI Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived eltrochero.com, 18 jul. 2024 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2024 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource [8] p. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context F_PI_11694+ <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/18917k_1csX9Z_1vZ9EM5uRPOCD0SeXlL/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Descarga</a> comunidades amazónicas historia identidad incidencia política kichwas liderazgo Loreto napurunas organización comunal organizaciones indígenas Perú política https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/cendoc-chirapaq-storage/original/474e7176812ea41f746ca165b8fe9e14.jpg?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIASCJC3Q3UYKG6YBUL&Expires=1772991000&Signature=2AH2W4Lga2FlYmPo5dFC%2FFjwpj8%3D 8f7a3cd74055c1067f3f16dd2d6fa1c5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Hemerografía Description An account of the resource Revistas, boletines, semanarios, periódicos, artículos de periódico... Acceso público. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Chirapaq Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource ¿Despierta la América Indígena? Description An account of the resource La irrupción de algunos líderes y movimientos étnicos comienza a sacar del letargo a los políticos latinoamericanos [incl. declaraciones de Tarcila Rivera] Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ramiro Escobar La Cruz Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Madrid [ES] : El País Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 18 ene. 2004 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pp. 8-9 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context H_PI_7412++ <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1nZwljVuhYPqTbuYZ7wICuEnEWS0hGYGo/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Descarga</a> Hispanoamérica incidencia política mapa etnolingüístico movimiento indígena movimientos sociales organizaciones indígenas población política pueblos indígenas https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/cendoc-chirapaq-storage/original/14fc728c7f336bdf00c95a1300fa7e8a.jpg?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIASCJC3Q3UYKG6YBUL&Expires=1772991000&Signature=XWy24AZp2WnD2%2FlYgUWFmnVsBFI%3D a01e1bece6717d3f7a23422bbe004943 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Hemerografía Description An account of the resource Revistas, boletines, semanarios, periódicos, artículos de periódico... Acceso público. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Chirapaq Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource ¿Despierta la América indígena? Description An account of the resource La irrupción de algunos líderes y movimientos étnicos comienza a sacar del letargo a los políticos latinoamericanos Mención : Richard Chase Smith; Tzvetan Todorov Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ramiro Escobar La Cruz Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived El País. Madrid, 18 ene. 2004, p. 8-9 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2004 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 2 p. [rec. p.] Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context H_PI_7843++ <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1vRNM2w1FGnOvTwDmuXj4Hd-KMJtZOlHn/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Descarga</a> Hispanoamérica historia liderazgo movimiento indígena organizaciones indígenas política pueblos indígenas https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/cendoc-chirapaq-storage/original/67e3dac4982b4be1c20195d5215a0e38.jpg?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIASCJC3Q3UYKG6YBUL&Expires=1772991000&Signature=CZMs%2B6sQEnFNH6WpsXN3JavZpGQ%3D ebd346d308b791cb53b041fd4d8937cf Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Biblioteca Description An account of the resource Libros, monografías, tesis academicas. Acceso público. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Chirapaq Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource ¿Feminismo indígena? : Un análisis crítico del discurso sobre los textos de la mujer en el movimiento zapatista 1994-2009 Description An account of the resource Tesis doctoral Analiza textos sobre la participación de las mujeres indígenas en el Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional - EZLN, que llamó la atención pública después de diez años de organización clandestina en 1994 en Chiapas, un estado del sur de México vecino de Guatemala Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Sarri Vuorisalo-Tiitinen Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Helsinski [FI] : University of Helsinki : Faculty of Arts : Department of World Cultures ; Latin American Studies Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 300 p. Language A language of the resource español, inglés Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context B_M_9818+ <a href="http://hdl.handle.net/10138/24504" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Descarga 1</a> <a href="http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-10-6796-9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Descarga 2</a> feminismo género investigación literatura México mujer indígena organizaciones indígenas poder política rebeliones indígenas violencia https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/cendoc-chirapaq-storage/original/7f9dd5f770a4601422e43b06d359e8b7.jpg?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIASCJC3Q3UYKG6YBUL&Expires=1772991000&Signature=PMuxdeba3H3nhZMXIsTJmuag4cs%3D 3f58b2ae689bbab5176ea4d18b89ae0b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Folletería Description An account of the resource Folletos varios, encartes, trípticos, dípticos, documentos sueltos... Acceso público. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Chirapaq Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource ¿Por qué nace la organización indígena ORKIWAN? Anciano kichwa hace una lectura de lo que sucede en su pueblo Description An account of the resource "En Monterrico de Angoteros se desarrolló durante los días 29 y 30 de agosto del 2014 el XVIII CONGRESO ORKIWAN. Casi una treintena de apus, acompañados de líderes y lideresas, entre ellos los profesores bilingües se dieron cita como todos los años para dialogar acerca de su problemática que envuelve a los pueblos indígenas kichwas del Alto Napo peruano, concretamente en el distrito de Torres Causana – provincia de Maynas – región Loreto. [...] Mariano Oraco contó la historia de la Organización y llama a los kichwas a sentirse orgullosos de ser indígenas kichwas..." .................. Contenido / - ¿Por qué ORKIWAN? - Recordando al entonces presidente peruano [Juan Velasco Alvarado] - Los kichwas vs los de afuera - Primer presidente de ORKIWAN - Orgullo de ser indio - Varios enfrentamientos - Hablemos nuestro runa shimi - lengua - ORKIWAN se hizo adulta con las dificultades - Recordando a Yayapakri Juan Marcos - Mantener la Kamachina – Consejo de los rukus - Y la política mishu… ¿qué ha logrado? - Hemos abierto un camino. Que los jóvenes lo sigan Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Roberto Carrasco, OMI Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived eltrochero.com, 31 oct. 2014 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource [5] p. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context F_PI_11693+ <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1iyHqTcokbrGl_vZyEwloSf9zdG7ZLA9l/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Descarga</a> comunidades amazónicas cultura historia identidad kichwas liderazgo Loreto napurunas organización comunal organizaciones indígenas política pueblos indígenas testimonios https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/cendoc-chirapaq-storage/original/fad68e7191db4e60247fd39e94222a73.jpg?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIASCJC3Q3UYKG6YBUL&Expires=1772991000&Signature=GOE8UpGuuzyeGm4Vb4lx92G7t78%3D cbf322e31081a5a980ef37b1531d1b38 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Biblioteca Description An account of the resource Libros, monografías, tesis academicas. Acceso público. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Chirapaq Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource ¿Qué es género? Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Teresa A. Pérez Chávez Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Trinidad [BO] Central de Mujeres Indígenas del BENI [CMIB] Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1999 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource [19] p. [fotocopia] Type The nature or genre of the resource text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context B_M_3547 Bolivia capacitación género mujer indígena organizaciones indígenas https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/cendoc-chirapaq-storage/original/80b060e4e35c6af04772500d2b6b7f59.jpg?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIASCJC3Q3UYKG6YBUL&Expires=1772991000&Signature=a5GVKI1sYVapZJ1arLj5WraOYqw%3D 6c2e7e814aa7112e4a3d1b4acf7ddd86 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Folletería Description An account of the resource Folletos varios, encartes, trípticos, dípticos, documentos sueltos... Acceso público. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Chirapaq Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource ¿Qué es la COICA? Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Coordinadora de las Organizaciones Indígenas de la Cuenca Amazónica Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Lima [PE] : Coordinadora de las Organizaciones Indígenas de la Cuenca Amazónica [COICA Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 199? Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource documentos varios [mimeo] Type The nature or genre of the resource text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context F_PI_3104 Amazonia Bolivia Brasil Colombia Ecuador movimiento indígena organizaciones indígenas Perú región amazónica https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/cendoc-chirapaq-storage/original/99f20241c65c7ba476fc685c7672b1dd.jpg?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIASCJC3Q3UYKG6YBUL&Expires=1772991000&Signature=4SnIy0DWLnHZIdFaIEKWX0Ucqjs%3D d89a6ef797518667c3d64039efbd3f3c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Hemerografía Description An account of the resource Revistas, boletines, semanarios, periódicos, artículos de periódico... Acceso público. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Chirapaq Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource ¿Una re-antropologia de los movimientos indígenas? Description An account of the resource Qué hacer entonces cuando una CONAIE ecuatoriana, una CSUTCB boliviana ponen en jaque a los gobiernos nacionales y se convierten en su oposición mas importante, sea como interlocutores o como opositores? SE intenta discutir las politicidades de los movimientos indígenas, basicamente desde el enfoque antropologico. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ladislao Landa Vásquez Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Anthropológica V. 21, N° 21, 2003 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Lima [PE] : Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú [PUCP] : Departamento Académico de Ciencias Sociales Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2003 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pp. 21-42 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context H_AN_9923+ <a href="http://revistas.pucp.edu.pe/index.php/anthropologica/article/view/756/724" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Descarga 1</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.18800/anthropologica.200301.003" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Descarga 2</a> antropología Bolivia crítica Ecuador investigación movimiento indígena organizaciones indígenas partidos políticos poder política pueblos indígenas